[[Book - A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health]] ## The psychoanalytic model Which originated with Freud, assumes that people are closed energy systems motivated by a variety of drives. Abnormality can be understood developmentally, so early childhood events affect adult functioning. Psychoanalytic treatment generally involves helping the individual achieve insight and free energy from unhealthy purposes through catharsis. ## Cognitive-Behavioral cognitive-behavioral one, which emphasizes cognition and learning. It views people as information- processing systems, who attempt to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. All types of learning (i.e., classic conditioning, operant conditioning, and model- ing) must be placed in a cognitive context because learning takes place within a thinking context. Abnormalities arise when individuals are placed in highly unusual situations or have unusual ways of thinking. Interventions encourage adaptive habits and teach individuals to perceive the world more accurately and to solve problems more efficiently. ## humanistic-existential-phenomenological approach humanistic-existential-phenomenological approach, represented by such psychologists as Abraham Maslow and Karl Rogers. It emphasizes the need for self-actualization rather than the diagnosis of mental illness. The focus lies in the individual’s experience of the world and the creation of a supportive atmosphere characterized by genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive reward. ## Family Systems Approach family systems approach, which sees most problems as originating in the family. Accordingly, couples or family therapy, in which the therapist intervenes to develop healthy ways of relating to one another, is undertaken. Each model works well with some types of problems and falls short with others. An integrated approach may be best, in which one identifies the purposes best suited for a particular model.