**_What is consider "natural" or "dysfunctional" are value judgements._** - Wakefield states that “discovering what in fact is natural or dysfunctional may be extraordinarily difficult” (1992b, p. 236). The problem with this statement is that, when applied to human behavior, “natural” and “dysfunctional” are not properties that can be “discovered”; they are value judgments. The judgment that a behavior represents a dysfunction relies on the observation that the behavior is excessive or inappropriate under certain conditions. Arguing that these behaviors represent failures of evolutionarily designed “mental mechanisms” (itself an untestable hypothesis because of the oc- cult nature of “mental mechanisms”) does not relieve us of the need to make value judgments about what is excessive or inappropriate in what circumstances. These are value judgments based on social norms not scientific “facts,” an issue that we will explore in greater detail later in this chapter (see also Widiger, this volume).