**Diagnostic Criterion Bias. Differences in gender may cause presentation of problem differently. For example, heart attacks present differently for women and men.** **- Perhaps men and women present stresses, emotional issues differently too!** Reference: - In the case of heart attacks, although the underlying condition is the same, the presenting symptoms for women and men are somewhat different. It is likely that for some psychological disorders a similar process occurs. - Being able to identify a criterion that is differentially valid for females or males or for a particular ethnic group requires a diagnostic system that is independent of this criterion. In the case of heart disease, whatever the presenting symptoms, the presence or absence of a myocardial infarction can be assessed independently. For psychological disorders there is no similar confirmation. In reference to establishing criteria for personality disorders, Robins and Guze (1970) advocated for validation studies that would “assess the extent to which the criteria select persons who have a history, present, and/or future consistent with the construct of a (particular) personality disorder” (p. 17). One might also suggest a validity test that considers the effectiveness of standard interventions for persons with and without a particular diagnostic criterion.